diff --git a/src/libcmd/common-eval-args.cc b/src/libcmd/common-eval-args.cc
index 1c7c70a30..f2881ca2b 100644
--- a/src/libcmd/common-eval-args.cc
+++ b/src/libcmd/common-eval-args.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs { using namespace std::filesystem; }
 
 fetchers::Settings fetchSettings;
 
@@ -123,8 +122,8 @@ MixEvalArgs::MixEvalArgs()
         .category = category,
         .labels = {"original-ref", "resolved-ref"},
         .handler = {[&](std::string _from, std::string _to) {
-            auto from = parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, _from, fs::current_path().string());
-            auto to = parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, _to, fs::current_path().string());
+            auto from = parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, _from, std::filesystem::current_path().string());
+            auto to = parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, _to, std::filesystem::current_path().string());
             fetchers::Attrs extraAttrs;
             if (to.subdir != "") extraAttrs["dir"] = to.subdir;
             fetchers::overrideRegistry(from.input, to.input, extraAttrs);
diff --git a/src/libcmd/installables.cc b/src/libcmd/installables.cc
index 080557d4f..2d6024890 100644
--- a/src/libcmd/installables.cc
+++ b/src/libcmd/installables.cc
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs { using namespace std::filesystem; }
-
 void completeFlakeInputAttrPath(
     AddCompletions & completions,
     ref<EvalState> evalState,
@@ -343,7 +341,7 @@ void completeFlakeRefWithFragment(
             auto flakeRefS = std::string(prefix.substr(0, hash));
 
             // TODO: ideally this would use the command base directory instead of assuming ".".
-            auto flakeRef = parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, expandTilde(flakeRefS), fs::current_path().string());
+            auto flakeRef = parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, expandTilde(flakeRefS), std::filesystem::current_path().string());
 
             auto evalCache = openEvalCache(*evalState,
                 std::make_shared<flake::LockedFlake>(lockFlake(
diff --git a/src/libfetchers-tests/git-utils.cc b/src/libfetchers-tests/git-utils.cc
index 2f407dbd0..c2c7f9da0 100644
--- a/src/libfetchers-tests/git-utils.cc
+++ b/src/libfetchers-tests/git-utils.cc
@@ -11,14 +11,10 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs {
-using namespace std::filesystem;
-}
-
 class GitUtilsTest : public ::testing::Test
 {
     // We use a single repository for all tests.
-    fs::path tmpDir;
+    std::filesystem::path tmpDir;
     std::unique_ptr<AutoDelete> delTmpDir;
 
 public:
diff --git a/src/libfetchers/git.cc b/src/libfetchers/git.cc
index 80c5884f7..492867dc4 100644
--- a/src/libfetchers/git.cc
+++ b/src/libfetchers/git.cc
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ struct GitInputScheme : InputScheme
     static MakeNotAllowedError makeNotAllowedError(std::filesystem::path repoPath)
     {
         return [repoPath{std::move(repoPath)}](const CanonPath & path) -> RestrictedPathError {
-            if (fs::symlink_exists(repoPath / path.rel()))
+            if (pathExists(repoPath / path.rel()))
                 return RestrictedPathError(
                     "Path '%1%' in the repository %2% is not tracked by Git.\n"
                     "\n"
diff --git a/src/libflake/flake.cc b/src/libflake/flake.cc
index 28e3c4b93..a086251b9 100644
--- a/src/libflake/flake.cc
+++ b/src/libflake/flake.cc
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ LockedFlake lockFlake(
                             auto relPath = (topRef.subdir == "" ? "" : topRef.subdir + "/") + "flake.lock";
                             auto outputLockFilePath = *sourcePath / relPath;
 
-                            bool lockFileExists = fs::symlink_exists(outputLockFilePath);
+                            bool lockFileExists = pathExists(outputLockFilePath);
 
                             auto s = chomp(diff);
                             if (lockFileExists) {
diff --git a/src/libstore-test-support/include/nix/store/tests/nix_api_store.hh b/src/libstore-test-support/include/nix/store/tests/nix_api_store.hh
index bc0f31d05..63f80cf91 100644
--- a/src/libstore-test-support/include/nix/store/tests/nix_api_store.hh
+++ b/src/libstore-test-support/include/nix/store/tests/nix_api_store.hh
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-namespace fs { using namespace std::filesystem; }
-
 namespace nixC {
 class nix_api_store_test : public nix_api_util_context
 {
@@ -27,10 +25,10 @@ public:
     {
         nix_store_free(store);
 
-        for (auto & path : fs::recursive_directory_iterator(nixDir)) {
-            fs::permissions(path, fs::perms::owner_all);
+        for (auto & path : std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(nixDir)) {
+            std::filesystem::permissions(path, std::filesystem::perms::owner_all);
         }
-        fs::remove_all(nixDir);
+        std::filesystem::remove_all(nixDir);
     }
 
     Store * store;
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ protected:
         auto tmpl = nix::defaultTempDir() + "/tests_nix-store.";
         for (size_t i = 0; true; ++i) {
             nixDir = tmpl + std::string { i };
-            if (fs::create_directory(nixDir)) break;
+            if (std::filesystem::create_directory(nixDir)) break;
         }
 #else
         // resolve any symlinks in i.e. on macOS /tmp -> /private/tmp
diff --git a/src/libstore-tests/machines.cc b/src/libstore-tests/machines.cc
index 084807130..8873ff183 100644
--- a/src/libstore-tests/machines.cc
+++ b/src/libstore-tests/machines.cc
@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ TEST(machines, getMachinesWithIncorrectFormat) {
 }
 
 TEST(machines, getMachinesWithCorrectFileReference) {
-    auto path = fs::weakly_canonical(getUnitTestData() / "machines/valid");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(fs::exists(path));
+    auto path = std::filesystem::weakly_canonical(getUnitTestData() / "machines/valid");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(std::filesystem::exists(path));
 
     auto actual = Machine::parseConfig({}, "@" + path.string());
     ASSERT_THAT(actual, SizeIs(3));
@@ -174,22 +174,22 @@ TEST(machines, getMachinesWithCorrectFileReference) {
 }
 
 TEST(machines, getMachinesWithCorrectFileReferenceToEmptyFile) {
-    fs::path path = "/dev/null";
-    ASSERT_TRUE(fs::exists(path));
+    std::filesystem::path path = "/dev/null";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(std::filesystem::exists(path));
 
     auto actual = Machine::parseConfig({}, "@" + path.string());
     ASSERT_THAT(actual, SizeIs(0));
 }
 
 TEST(machines, getMachinesWithIncorrectFileReference) {
-    auto path = fs::weakly_canonical("/not/a/file");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(!fs::exists(path));
+    auto path = std::filesystem::weakly_canonical("/not/a/file");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!std::filesystem::exists(path));
     auto actual = Machine::parseConfig({}, "@" + path.string());
     ASSERT_THAT(actual, SizeIs(0));
 }
 
 TEST(machines, getMachinesWithCorrectFileReferenceToIncorrectFile) {
     EXPECT_THROW(
-        Machine::parseConfig({}, "@" + fs::weakly_canonical(getUnitTestData() / "machines" / "bad_format").string()),
+        Machine::parseConfig({}, "@" + std::filesystem::weakly_canonical(getUnitTestData() / "machines" / "bad_format").string()),
         FormatError);
 }
diff --git a/src/libstore/builtins/unpack-channel.cc b/src/libstore/builtins/unpack-channel.cc
index 07b1d5773..e03f3076b 100644
--- a/src/libstore/builtins/unpack-channel.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/builtins/unpack-channel.cc
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs { using namespace std::filesystem; }
-
 void builtinUnpackChannel(
     const BasicDerivation & drv,
     const std::map<std::string, Path> & outputs)
@@ -15,11 +13,11 @@ void builtinUnpackChannel(
         return i->second;
     };
 
-    fs::path out{outputs.at("out")};
+    std::filesystem::path out{outputs.at("out")};
     auto & channelName = getAttr("channelName");
     auto & src = getAttr("src");
 
-    if (fs::path{channelName}.filename().string() != channelName) {
+    if (std::filesystem::path{channelName}.filename().string() != channelName) {
         throw Error("channelName is not allowed to contain filesystem separators, got %1%", channelName);
     }
 
@@ -38,8 +36,8 @@ void builtinUnpackChannel(
 
     auto target = out / channelName;
     try {
-        fs::rename(fileName, target);
-    } catch (fs::filesystem_error &) {
+        std::filesystem::rename(fileName, target);
+    } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error &) {
         throw SysError("failed to rename %1% to %2%", fileName, target.string());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc b/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc
index 76f69671c..4bde9750d 100644
--- a/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc
@@ -1969,9 +1969,10 @@ void DerivationBuilderImpl::runChild()
                     if (pathExists(path))
                         ss.push_back(path);
 
-                if (settings.caFile != "" && pathExists(settings.caFile)) {
+                if (settings.caFile != "") {
                     Path caFile = settings.caFile;
-                    pathsInChroot.try_emplace("/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", canonPath(caFile, true), true);
+                    if (pathExists(caFile))
+                       pathsInChroot.try_emplace("/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", canonPath(caFile, true), true);
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/src/libutil/executable-path.cc b/src/libutil/executable-path.cc
index ed1ac49ce..75ab91f3a 100644
--- a/src/libutil/executable-path.cc
+++ b/src/libutil/executable-path.cc
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs {
-using namespace std::filesystem;
-}
-
 constexpr static const OsStringView path_var_separator{
     &ExecutablePath::separator,
     1,
@@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ ExecutablePath ExecutablePath::parse(const OsString & path)
     auto strings = path.empty() ? (std::list<OsString>{})
                                 : basicSplitString<std::list<OsString>, OsChar>(path, path_var_separator);
 
-    std::vector<fs::path> ret;
+    std::vector<std::filesystem::path> ret;
     ret.reserve(strings.size());
 
     std::transform(
@@ -36,7 +32,7 @@ ExecutablePath ExecutablePath::parse(const OsString & path)
         std::make_move_iterator(strings.end()),
         std::back_inserter(ret),
         [](OsString && str) {
-            return fs::path{
+            return std::filesystem::path{
                 str.empty()
                     // "A zero-length prefix is a legacy feature that
                     // indicates the current working directory. It
@@ -62,13 +58,13 @@ OsString ExecutablePath::render() const
     return basicConcatStringsSep(path_var_separator, path2);
 }
 
-std::optional<fs::path>
-ExecutablePath::findName(const OsString & exe, std::function<bool(const fs::path &)> isExecutable) const
+std::optional<std::filesystem::path>
+ExecutablePath::findName(const OsString & exe, std::function<bool(const std::filesystem::path &)> isExecutable) const
 {
     // "If the pathname being sought contains a <slash>, the search
     // through the path prefixes shall not be performed."
     // https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_03
-    assert(OsPathTrait<fs::path::value_type>::rfindPathSep(exe) == exe.npos);
+    assert(OsPathTrait<std::filesystem::path::value_type>::rfindPathSep(exe) == exe.npos);
 
     for (auto & dir : directories) {
         auto candidate = dir / exe;
@@ -79,7 +75,8 @@ ExecutablePath::findName(const OsString & exe, std::function<bool(const fs::path
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-fs::path ExecutablePath::findPath(const fs::path & exe, std::function<bool(const fs::path &)> isExecutable) const
+std::filesystem::path ExecutablePath::findPath(
+    const std::filesystem::path & exe, std::function<bool(const std::filesystem::path &)> isExecutable) const
 {
     // "If the pathname being sought contains a <slash>, the search
     // through the path prefixes shall not be performed."
diff --git a/src/libutil/file-system.cc b/src/libutil/file-system.cc
index f6e399774..ad17f837f 100644
--- a/src/libutil/file-system.cc
+++ b/src/libutil/file-system.cc
@@ -31,18 +31,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs {
-  using namespace std::filesystem;
-
-  bool symlink_exists(const std::filesystem::path & path) {
-      try {
-          return std::filesystem::exists(std::filesystem::symlink_status(path));
-      } catch (const std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
-          throw SysError("cannot check existence of %1%", path);
-      }
-  }
-}
-
 DirectoryIterator::DirectoryIterator(const std::filesystem::path& p) {
     try {
         // **Attempt to create the underlying directory_iterator**
@@ -73,7 +61,7 @@ DirectoryIterator& DirectoryIterator::operator++() {
 
 bool isAbsolute(PathView path)
 {
-    return fs::path { path }.is_absolute();
+    return std::filesystem::path { path }.is_absolute();
 }
 
 
@@ -122,7 +110,7 @@ Path canonPath(PathView path, bool resolveSymlinks)
         throw Error("not an absolute path: '%1%'", path);
 
     // For Windows
-    auto rootName = fs::path { path }.root_name();
+    auto rootName = std::filesystem::path { path }.root_name();
 
     /* This just exists because we cannot set the target of `remaining`
        (the callback parameter) directly to a newly-constructed string,
@@ -137,7 +125,7 @@ Path canonPath(PathView path, bool resolveSymlinks)
         path,
         [&followCount, &temp, maxFollow, resolveSymlinks]
         (std::string & result, std::string_view & remaining) {
-            if (resolveSymlinks && fs::is_symlink(result)) {
+            if (resolveSymlinks && std::filesystem::is_symlink(result)) {
                 if (++followCount >= maxFollow)
                     throw Error("infinite symlink recursion in path '%1%'", remaining);
                 remaining = (temp = concatStrings(readLink(result), remaining));
@@ -166,7 +154,7 @@ Path dirOf(const PathView path)
     Path::size_type pos = OsPathTrait<char>::rfindPathSep(path);
     if (pos == path.npos)
         return ".";
-    return fs::path{path}.parent_path().string();
+    return std::filesystem::path{path}.parent_path().string();
 }
 
 
@@ -189,7 +177,7 @@ std::string_view baseNameOf(std::string_view path)
 }
 
 
-bool isInDir(const fs::path & path, const fs::path & dir)
+bool isInDir(const std::filesystem::path & path, const std::filesystem::path & dir)
 {
     /* Note that while the standard doesn't guarantee this, the
       `lexically_*` functions should do no IO and not throw. */
@@ -200,7 +188,7 @@ bool isInDir(const fs::path & path, const fs::path & dir)
 }
 
 
-bool isDirOrInDir(const fs::path & path, const fs::path & dir)
+bool isDirOrInDir(const std::filesystem::path & path, const std::filesystem::path & dir)
 {
     return path == dir || isInDir(path, dir);
 }
@@ -243,9 +231,9 @@ std::optional<struct stat> maybeLstat(const Path & path)
 }
 
 
-bool pathExists(const Path & path)
+bool pathExists(const std::filesystem::path & path)
 {
-    return maybeLstat(path).has_value();
+    return maybeLstat(path.string()).has_value();
 }
 
 bool pathAccessible(const std::filesystem::path & path)
@@ -263,7 +251,7 @@ bool pathAccessible(const std::filesystem::path & path)
 Path readLink(const Path & path)
 {
     checkInterrupt();
-    return fs::read_symlink(path).string();
+    return std::filesystem::read_symlink(path).string();
 }
 
 
@@ -381,17 +369,17 @@ void recursiveSync(const Path & path)
 
     /* Otherwise, perform a depth-first traversal of the directory and
        fsync all the files. */
-    std::deque<fs::path> dirsToEnumerate;
+    std::deque<std::filesystem::path> dirsToEnumerate;
     dirsToEnumerate.push_back(path);
-    std::vector<fs::path> dirsToFsync;
+    std::vector<std::filesystem::path> dirsToFsync;
     while (!dirsToEnumerate.empty()) {
         auto currentDir = dirsToEnumerate.back();
         dirsToEnumerate.pop_back();
         for (auto & entry : DirectoryIterator(currentDir)) {
             auto st = entry.symlink_status();
-            if (fs::is_directory(st)) {
+            if (std::filesystem::is_directory(st)) {
                 dirsToEnumerate.emplace_back(entry.path());
-            } else if (fs::is_regular_file(st)) {
+            } else if (std::filesystem::is_regular_file(st)) {
                 AutoCloseFD fd = toDescriptor(open(entry.path().string().c_str(), O_RDONLY, 0));
                 if (!fd)
                     throw SysError("opening file '%1%'", entry.path());
@@ -411,7 +399,7 @@ void recursiveSync(const Path & path)
 }
 
 
-static void _deletePath(Descriptor parentfd, const fs::path & path, uint64_t & bytesFreed)
+static void _deletePath(Descriptor parentfd, const std::filesystem::path & path, uint64_t & bytesFreed)
 {
 #ifndef _WIN32
     checkInterrupt();
@@ -485,7 +473,7 @@ static void _deletePath(Descriptor parentfd, const fs::path & path, uint64_t & b
 #endif
 }
 
-static void _deletePath(const fs::path & path, uint64_t & bytesFreed)
+static void _deletePath(const std::filesystem::path & path, uint64_t & bytesFreed)
 {
     Path dir = dirOf(path.string());
     if (dir == "")
@@ -501,7 +489,7 @@ static void _deletePath(const fs::path & path, uint64_t & bytesFreed)
 }
 
 
-void deletePath(const fs::path & path)
+void deletePath(const std::filesystem::path & path)
 {
     uint64_t dummy;
     deletePath(path, dummy);
@@ -517,17 +505,17 @@ void createDir(const Path & path, mode_t mode)
         throw SysError("creating directory '%1%'", path);
 }
 
-void createDirs(const fs::path & path)
+void createDirs(const std::filesystem::path & path)
 {
     try {
-        fs::create_directories(path);
-    } catch (fs::filesystem_error & e) {
+       std::filesystem::create_directories(path);
+    } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
         throw SysError("creating directory '%1%'", path.string());
     }
 }
 
 
-void deletePath(const fs::path & path, uint64_t & bytesFreed)
+void deletePath(const std::filesystem::path & path, uint64_t & bytesFreed)
 {
     //Activity act(*logger, lvlDebug, "recursively deleting path '%1%'", path);
     bytesFreed = 0;
@@ -552,7 +540,7 @@ AutoDelete::~AutoDelete()
             if (recursive)
                 deletePath(_path);
             else {
-                fs::remove(_path);
+                std::filesystem::remove(_path);
             }
         }
     } catch (...) {
@@ -565,7 +553,7 @@ void AutoDelete::cancel()
     del = false;
 }
 
-void AutoDelete::reset(const fs::path & p, bool recursive) {
+void AutoDelete::reset(const std::filesystem::path & p, bool recursive) {
     _path = p;
     this->recursive = recursive;
     del = true;
@@ -641,28 +629,28 @@ std::pair<AutoCloseFD, Path> createTempFile(const Path & prefix)
 void createSymlink(const Path & target, const Path & link)
 {
     try {
-        fs::create_symlink(target, link);
-    } catch (fs::filesystem_error & e) {
+        std::filesystem::create_symlink(target, link);
+    } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
         throw SysError("creating symlink '%1%' -> '%2%'", link, target);
     }
 }
 
-void replaceSymlink(const fs::path & target, const fs::path & link)
+void replaceSymlink(const std::filesystem::path & target, const std::filesystem::path & link)
 {
     for (unsigned int n = 0; true; n++) {
-        auto tmp = link.parent_path() / fs::path{fmt(".%d_%s", n, link.filename().string())};
+        auto tmp = link.parent_path() /std::filesystem::path{fmt(".%d_%s", n, link.filename().string())};
         tmp = tmp.lexically_normal();
 
         try {
-            fs::create_symlink(target, tmp);
-        } catch (fs::filesystem_error & e) {
+            std::filesystem::create_symlink(target, tmp);
+        } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
             if (e.code() == std::errc::file_exists) continue;
             throw SysError("creating symlink %1% -> %2%", tmp, target);
         }
 
         try {
-            fs::rename(tmp, link);
-        } catch (fs::filesystem_error & e) {
+            std::filesystem::rename(tmp, link);
+        } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
             if (e.code() == std::errc::file_exists) continue;
             throw SysError("renaming %1% to %2%", tmp, link);
         }
@@ -672,25 +660,24 @@ void replaceSymlink(const fs::path & target, const fs::path & link)
     }
 }
 
-void setWriteTime(const fs::path & path, const struct stat & st)
+void setWriteTime(const std::filesystem::path & path, const struct stat & st)
 {
     setWriteTime(path, st.st_atime, st.st_mtime, S_ISLNK(st.st_mode));
 }
 
-void copyFile(const fs::path & from, const fs::path & to, bool andDelete)
+void copyFile(const std::filesystem::path & from, const std::filesystem::path & to, bool andDelete)
 {
-    auto fromStatus = fs::symlink_status(from);
+    auto fromStatus =std::filesystem::symlink_status(from);
 
     // Mark the directory as writable so that we can delete its children
-    if (andDelete && fs::is_directory(fromStatus)) {
-        fs::permissions(from, fs::perms::owner_write, fs::perm_options::add | fs::perm_options::nofollow);
+    if (andDelete &&std::filesystem::is_directory(fromStatus)) {
+        std::filesystem::permissions(from, std::filesystem::perms::owner_write, std::filesystem::perm_options::add | std::filesystem::perm_options::nofollow);
     }
 
-
-    if (fs::is_symlink(fromStatus) || fs::is_regular_file(fromStatus)) {
-        fs::copy(from, to, fs::copy_options::copy_symlinks | fs::copy_options::overwrite_existing);
-    } else if (fs::is_directory(fromStatus)) {
-        fs::create_directory(to);
+    if (std::filesystem::is_symlink(fromStatus) ||std::filesystem::is_regular_file(fromStatus)) {
+        std::filesystem::copy(from, to, std::filesystem::copy_options::copy_symlinks | std::filesystem::copy_options::overwrite_existing);
+    } else if (std::filesystem::is_directory(fromStatus)) {
+        std::filesystem::create_directory(to);
         for (auto & entry : DirectoryIterator(from)) {
             copyFile(entry, to / entry.path().filename(), andDelete);
         }
@@ -700,9 +687,9 @@ void copyFile(const fs::path & from, const fs::path & to, bool andDelete)
 
     setWriteTime(to, lstat(from.string().c_str()));
     if (andDelete) {
-        if (!fs::is_symlink(fromStatus))
-            fs::permissions(from, fs::perms::owner_write, fs::perm_options::add | fs::perm_options::nofollow);
-        fs::remove(from);
+        if (!std::filesystem::is_symlink(fromStatus))
+            std::filesystem::permissions(from, std::filesystem::perms::owner_write, std::filesystem::perm_options::add | std::filesystem::perm_options::nofollow);
+        std::filesystem::remove(from);
     }
 }
 
@@ -710,18 +697,18 @@ void moveFile(const Path & oldName, const Path & newName)
 {
     try {
         std::filesystem::rename(oldName, newName);
-    } catch (fs::filesystem_error & e) {
-        auto oldPath = fs::path(oldName);
-        auto newPath = fs::path(newName);
+    } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
+        auto oldPath = std::filesystem::path(oldName);
+        auto newPath = std::filesystem::path(newName);
         // For the move to be as atomic as possible, copy to a temporary
         // directory
-        fs::path temp = createTempDir(
+        std::filesystem::path temp = createTempDir(
             os_string_to_string(PathViewNG { newPath.parent_path() }),
             "rename-tmp");
-        Finally removeTemp = [&]() { fs::remove(temp); };
+        Finally removeTemp = [&]() { std::filesystem::remove(temp); };
         auto tempCopyTarget = temp / "copy-target";
         if (e.code().value() == EXDEV) {
-            fs::remove(newPath);
+            std::filesystem::remove(newPath);
             warn("can’t rename %s as %s, copying instead", oldName, newName);
             copyFile(oldPath, tempCopyTarget, true);
             std::filesystem::rename(
@@ -733,7 +720,7 @@ void moveFile(const Path & oldName, const Path & newName)
 
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-bool isExecutableFileAmbient(const fs::path & exe) {
+bool isExecutableFileAmbient(const std::filesystem::path & exe) {
     // Check file type, because directory being executable means
     // something completely different.
     // `is_regular_file` follows symlinks before checking.
@@ -757,12 +744,12 @@ std::filesystem::path makeParentCanonical(const std::filesystem::path & rawPath)
             return parent;
         }
         return std::filesystem::canonical(parent) / path.filename();
-    } catch (fs::filesystem_error & e) {
+    } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
         throw SysError("canonicalising parent path of '%1%'", path);
     }
 }
 
-bool chmodIfNeeded(const fs::path & path, mode_t mode, mode_t mask)
+bool chmodIfNeeded(const std::filesystem::path & path, mode_t mode, mode_t mask)
 {
     auto pathString = path.string();
     auto prevMode = lstat(pathString).st_mode;
diff --git a/src/libutil/include/nix/util/file-system.hh b/src/libutil/include/nix/util/file-system.hh
index 9afab46ab..1d7b5e3aa 100644
--- a/src/libutil/include/nix/util/file-system.hh
+++ b/src/libutil/include/nix/util/file-system.hh
@@ -126,26 +126,8 @@ std::optional<struct stat> maybeLstat(const Path & path);
 
 /**
  * @return true iff the given path exists.
- *
- * In the process of being deprecated for `fs::symlink_exists`.
  */
-bool pathExists(const Path & path);
-
-namespace fs {
-
-/**
- * TODO: we may actually want to use pathExists instead of this function
- *  ```
- *  symlink_exists(p) = std::filesystem::exists(std::filesystem::symlink_status(p))
- *  ```
- *  Missing convenience analogous to
- *  ```
- *  std::filesystem::exists(p) = std::filesystem::exists(std::filesystem::status(p))
- *  ```
- */
-bool symlink_exists(const std::filesystem::path & path);
-
-} // namespace fs
+bool pathExists(const std::filesystem::path & path);
 
 /**
  * Canonicalize a path except for the last component.
diff --git a/src/libutil/tarfile.cc b/src/libutil/tarfile.cc
index eb5cd8288..75373e3eb 100644
--- a/src/libutil/tarfile.cc
+++ b/src/libutil/tarfile.cc
@@ -8,10 +8,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs {
-using namespace std::filesystem;
-}
-
 namespace {
 
 int callback_open(struct archive *, void * self)
@@ -127,7 +123,7 @@ TarArchive::~TarArchive()
         archive_read_free(this->archive);
 }
 
-static void extract_archive(TarArchive & archive, const fs::path & destDir)
+static void extract_archive(TarArchive & archive, const std::filesystem::path & destDir)
 {
     int flags = ARCHIVE_EXTRACT_TIME | ARCHIVE_EXTRACT_SECURE_SYMLINKS | ARCHIVE_EXTRACT_SECURE_NODOTDOT;
 
@@ -162,7 +158,7 @@ static void extract_archive(TarArchive & archive, const fs::path & destDir)
     archive.close();
 }
 
-void unpackTarfile(Source & source, const fs::path & destDir)
+void unpackTarfile(Source & source, const std::filesystem::path & destDir)
 {
     auto archive = TarArchive(source);
 
@@ -170,7 +166,7 @@ void unpackTarfile(Source & source, const fs::path & destDir)
     extract_archive(archive, destDir);
 }
 
-void unpackTarfile(const fs::path & tarFile, const fs::path & destDir)
+void unpackTarfile(const std::filesystem::path & tarFile, const std::filesystem::path & destDir)
 {
     auto archive = TarArchive(tarFile);
 
diff --git a/src/libutil/unix/file-system.cc b/src/libutil/unix/file-system.cc
index e62b7d1c2..7865de2e9 100644
--- a/src/libutil/unix/file-system.cc
+++ b/src/libutil/unix/file-system.cc
@@ -14,16 +14,13 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs {
-using namespace std::filesystem;
-}
-
 Descriptor openDirectory(const std::filesystem::path & path)
 {
     return open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY);
 }
 
-void setWriteTime(const fs::path & path, time_t accessedTime, time_t modificationTime, std::optional<bool> optIsSymlink)
+void setWriteTime(
+    const std::filesystem::path & path, time_t accessedTime, time_t modificationTime, std::optional<bool> optIsSymlink)
 {
     // Would be nice to use std::filesystem unconditionally, but
     // doesn't support access time just modification time.
@@ -57,7 +54,7 @@ void setWriteTime(const fs::path & path, time_t accessedTime, time_t modificatio
     if (lutimes(path.c_str(), times) == -1)
         throw SysError("changing modification time of %s", path);
 #  else
-    bool isSymlink = optIsSymlink ? *optIsSymlink : fs::is_symlink(path);
+    bool isSymlink = optIsSymlink ? *optIsSymlink : std::filesystem::is_symlink(path);
 
     if (!isSymlink) {
         if (utimes(path.c_str(), times) == -1)
diff --git a/src/libutil/unix/users.cc b/src/libutil/unix/users.cc
index 18df7fdf2..5ac851e95 100644
--- a/src/libutil/unix/users.cc
+++ b/src/libutil/unix/users.cc
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs { using namespace std::filesystem; }
-
 std::string getUserName()
 {
     auto pw = getpwuid(geteuid());
diff --git a/src/libutil/windows/file-system.cc b/src/libutil/windows/file-system.cc
index 1dac7e754..a73fa223a 100644
--- a/src/libutil/windows/file-system.cc
+++ b/src/libutil/windows/file-system.cc
@@ -3,13 +3,10 @@
 #ifdef _WIN32
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs {
-using namespace std::filesystem;
-}
-
-void setWriteTime(const fs::path & path, time_t accessedTime, time_t modificationTime, std::optional<bool> optIsSymlink)
+void setWriteTime(
+    const std::filesystem::path & path, time_t accessedTime, time_t modificationTime, std::optional<bool> optIsSymlink)
 {
-    // FIXME use `fs::last_write_time`.
+    // FIXME use `std::filesystem::last_write_time`.
     //
     // Would be nice to use std::filesystem unconditionally, but
     // doesn't support access time just modification time.
diff --git a/src/nix-collect-garbage/nix-collect-garbage.cc b/src/nix-collect-garbage/nix-collect-garbage.cc
index 8e4fc30fb..3140bb809 100644
--- a/src/nix-collect-garbage/nix-collect-garbage.cc
+++ b/src/nix-collect-garbage/nix-collect-garbage.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ bool dryRun = false;
  * Of course, this makes rollbacks to before this point in time
  * impossible. */
 
-void removeOldGenerations(fs::path dir)
+void removeOldGenerations(std::filesystem::path dir)
 {
     if (access(dir.string().c_str(), R_OK) != 0) return;
 
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ void removeOldGenerations(fs::path dir)
         auto path = i.path().string();
         auto type = i.symlink_status().type();
 
-        if (type == fs::file_type::symlink && canWrite) {
+        if (type == std::filesystem::file_type::symlink && canWrite) {
             std::string link;
             try {
                 link = readLink(path);
-            } catch (fs::filesystem_error & e) {
+            } catch (std::filesystem::filesystem_error & e) {
                 if (e.code() == std::errc::no_such_file_or_directory) continue;
                 throw;
             }
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ void removeOldGenerations(fs::path dir)
                 } else
                     deleteOldGenerations(path, dryRun);
             }
-        } else if (type == fs::file_type::directory) {
+        } else if (type == std::filesystem::file_type::directory) {
             removeOldGenerations(path);
         }
     }
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ static int main_nix_collect_garbage(int argc, char * * argv)
         });
 
         if (removeOld) {
-            std::set<fs::path> dirsToClean = {
+            std::set<std::filesystem::path> dirsToClean = {
                 profilesDir(),
-                fs::path{settings.nixStateDir} / "profiles",
-                fs::path{getDefaultProfile()}.parent_path(),
+                std::filesystem::path{settings.nixStateDir} / "profiles",
+                std::filesystem::path{getDefaultProfile()}.parent_path(),
             };
             for (auto & dir : dirsToClean)
                 removeOldGenerations(dir);
diff --git a/src/nix/bundle.cc b/src/nix/bundle.cc
index c334469b5..50d7bf6a3 100644
--- a/src/nix/bundle.cc
+++ b/src/nix/bundle.cc
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ struct CmdBundle : InstallableValueCommand
 
         auto [bundlerFlakeRef, bundlerName, extendedOutputsSpec] =
             parseFlakeRefWithFragmentAndExtendedOutputsSpec(
-                fetchSettings, bundler, fs::current_path().string());
+                fetchSettings, bundler, std::filesystem::current_path().string());
         const flake::LockFlags lockFlags{ .writeLockFile = false };
         InstallableFlake bundler{this,
             evalState, std::move(bundlerFlakeRef), bundlerName, std::move(extendedOutputsSpec),
diff --git a/src/nix/config-check.cc b/src/nix/config-check.cc
index deac8e560..27d053b9f 100644
--- a/src/nix/config-check.cc
+++ b/src/nix/config-check.cc
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ struct CmdConfigCheck : StoreCommand
 
     bool checkNixInPath()
     {
-        std::set<fs::path> dirs;
+        std::set<std::filesystem::path> dirs;
 
         for (auto & dir : ExecutablePath::load().directories) {
             auto candidate = dir / "nix-env";
-            if (fs::exists(candidate))
-                dirs.insert(fs::canonical(candidate).parent_path() );
+            if (std::filesystem::exists(candidate))
+                dirs.insert(std::filesystem::canonical(candidate).parent_path() );
         }
 
         if (dirs.size() != 1) {
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ struct CmdConfigCheck : StoreCommand
 
     bool checkProfileRoots(ref<Store> store)
     {
-        std::set<fs::path> dirs;
+        std::set<std::filesystem::path> dirs;
 
         for (auto & dir : ExecutablePath::load().directories) {
             auto profileDir = dir.parent_path();
             try {
-                auto userEnv = fs::weakly_canonical(profileDir);
+                auto userEnv = std::filesystem::weakly_canonical(profileDir);
 
                 auto noContainsProfiles = [&]{
                     for (auto && part : profileDir)
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ struct CmdConfigCheck : StoreCommand
 
                 if (store->isStorePath(userEnv.string()) && hasSuffix(userEnv.string(), "user-environment")) {
                     while (noContainsProfiles() && std::filesystem::is_symlink(profileDir))
-                        profileDir = fs::weakly_canonical(
-                            profileDir.parent_path() / fs::read_symlink(profileDir));
+                        profileDir = std::filesystem::weakly_canonical(
+                            profileDir.parent_path() / std::filesystem::read_symlink(profileDir));
 
                     if (noContainsProfiles())
                         dirs.insert(dir);
diff --git a/src/nix/develop.cc b/src/nix/develop.cc
index a0b863792..af32c8386 100644
--- a/src/nix/develop.cc
+++ b/src/nix/develop.cc
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ struct Common : InstallableCommand, MixProfile
         ref<Store> store,
         const BuildEnvironment & buildEnvironment,
         const std::filesystem::path & tmpDir,
-        const std::filesystem::path & outputsDir = fs::path { fs::current_path() } / "outputs")
+        const std::filesystem::path & outputsDir = std::filesystem::path { std::filesystem::current_path() } / "outputs")
     {
         // A list of colon-separated environment variables that should be
         // prepended to, rather than overwritten, in order to keep the shell usable.
diff --git a/src/nix/eval.cc b/src/nix/eval.cc
index 6a9bd2f16..be064e552 100644
--- a/src/nix/eval.cc
+++ b/src/nix/eval.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ struct CmdEval : MixJSON, InstallableValueCommand, MixReadOnlyOption
 {
     bool raw = false;
     std::optional<std::string> apply;
-    std::optional<fs::path> writeTo;
+    std::optional<std::filesystem::path> writeTo;
 
     CmdEval() : InstallableValueCommand()
     {
@@ -76,19 +76,19 @@ struct CmdEval : MixJSON, InstallableValueCommand, MixReadOnlyOption
         if (writeTo) {
             logger->stop();
 
-            if (fs::symlink_exists(*writeTo))
+            if (pathExists(*writeTo))
                 throw Error("path '%s' already exists", writeTo->string());
 
-            std::function<void(Value & v, const PosIdx pos, const fs::path & path)> recurse;
+            std::function<void(Value & v, const PosIdx pos, const std::filesystem::path & path)> recurse;
 
-            recurse = [&](Value & v, const PosIdx pos, const fs::path & path)
+            recurse = [&](Value & v, const PosIdx pos, const std::filesystem::path & path)
             {
                 state->forceValue(v, pos);
                 if (v.type() == nString)
                     // FIXME: disallow strings with contexts?
                     writeFile(path.string(), v.string_view());
                 else if (v.type() == nAttrs) {
-                    [[maybe_unused]] bool directoryCreated = fs::create_directory(path);
+                    [[maybe_unused]] bool directoryCreated = std::filesystem::create_directory(path);
                     // Directory should not already exist
                     assert(directoryCreated);
                     for (auto & attr : *v.attrs()) {
diff --git a/src/nix/flake.cc b/src/nix/flake.cc
index 3d174dc53..4586ebfbe 100644
--- a/src/nix/flake.cc
+++ b/src/nix/flake.cc
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public:
 
     FlakeRef getFlakeRef()
     {
-        return parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, flakeUrl, fs::current_path().string()); //FIXME
+        return parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, flakeUrl, std::filesystem::current_path().string()); //FIXME
     }
 
     LockedFlake lockFlake()
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public:
     {
         return {
             // Like getFlakeRef but with expandTilde calld first
-            parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, expandTilde(flakeUrl), fs::current_path().string())
+            parseFlakeRef(fetchSettings, expandTilde(flakeUrl), std::filesystem::current_path().string())
         };
     }
 };
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ struct CmdFlakeInitCommon : virtual Args, EvalCommand
         auto evalState = getEvalState();
 
         auto [templateFlakeRef, templateName] = parseFlakeRefWithFragment(
-            fetchSettings, templateUrl, fs::current_path().string());
+            fetchSettings, templateUrl, std::filesystem::current_path().string());
 
         auto installable = InstallableFlake(nullptr,
             evalState, std::move(templateFlakeRef), templateName, ExtendedOutputsSpec::Default(),
@@ -899,11 +899,11 @@ struct CmdFlakeInitCommon : virtual Args, EvalCommand
         NixStringContext context;
         auto templateDir = evalState->coerceToPath(noPos, templateDirAttr, context, "");
 
-        std::vector<fs::path> changedFiles;
-        std::vector<fs::path> conflictedFiles;
+        std::vector<std::filesystem::path> changedFiles;
+        std::vector<std::filesystem::path> conflictedFiles;
 
-        std::function<void(const SourcePath & from, const fs::path & to)> copyDir;
-        copyDir = [&](const SourcePath & from, const fs::path & to)
+        std::function<void(const SourcePath & from, const std::filesystem::path & to)> copyDir;
+        copyDir = [&](const SourcePath & from, const std::filesystem::path & to)
         {
             createDirs(to);
 
@@ -912,12 +912,12 @@ struct CmdFlakeInitCommon : virtual Args, EvalCommand
                 auto from2 = from / name;
                 auto to2 = to / name;
                 auto st = from2.lstat();
-                auto to_st = fs::symlink_status(to2);
+                auto to_st = std::filesystem::symlink_status(to2);
                 if (st.type == SourceAccessor::tDirectory)
                     copyDir(from2, to2);
                 else if (st.type == SourceAccessor::tRegular) {
                     auto contents = from2.readFile();
-                    if (fs::exists(to_st)) {
+                    if (std::filesystem::exists(to_st)) {
                         auto contents2 = readFile(to2.string());
                         if (contents != contents2) {
                             printError("refusing to overwrite existing file '%s'\n please merge it manually with '%s'", to2.string(), from2);
@@ -931,8 +931,8 @@ struct CmdFlakeInitCommon : virtual Args, EvalCommand
                 }
                 else if (st.type == SourceAccessor::tSymlink) {
                     auto target = from2.readLink();
-                    if (fs::exists(to_st)) {
-                        if (fs::read_symlink(to2) != target) {
+                    if (std::filesystem::exists(to_st)) {
+                        if (std::filesystem::read_symlink(to2) != target) {
                             printError("refusing to overwrite existing file '%s'\n please merge it manually with '%s'", to2.string(), from2);
                             conflictedFiles.push_back(to2);
                         } else {
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ struct CmdFlakeInitCommon : virtual Args, EvalCommand
 
         copyDir(templateDir, flakeDir);
 
-        if (!changedFiles.empty() && fs::exists(std::filesystem::path{flakeDir} / ".git")) {
+        if (!changedFiles.empty() && std::filesystem::exists(std::filesystem::path{flakeDir} / ".git")) {
             Strings args = { "-C", flakeDir, "add", "--intent-to-add", "--force", "--" };
             for (auto & s : changedFiles) args.emplace_back(s.string());
             runProgram("git", true, args);
diff --git a/src/nix/run.cc b/src/nix/run.cc
index 10f5026cd..0473c99b7 100644
--- a/src/nix/run.cc
+++ b/src/nix/run.cc
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ void chrootHelper(int argc, char * * argv)
     if (!pathExists(storeDir)) {
         // FIXME: Use overlayfs?
 
-        fs::path tmpDir = createTempDir();
+        std::filesystem::path tmpDir = createTempDir();
 
         createDirs(tmpDir + storeDir);
 
@@ -182,15 +182,15 @@ void chrootHelper(int argc, char * * argv)
         for (const auto & entry : DirectoryIterator{"/"}) {
             checkInterrupt();
             const auto & src = entry.path();
-            fs::path dst = tmpDir / entry.path().filename();
+            std::filesystem::path dst = tmpDir / entry.path().filename();
             if (pathExists(dst)) continue;
             auto st = entry.symlink_status();
-            if (fs::is_directory(st)) {
+            if (std::filesystem::is_directory(st)) {
                 if (mkdir(dst.c_str(), 0700) == -1)
                     throw SysError("creating directory '%s'", dst);
                 if (mount(src.c_str(), dst.c_str(), "", MS_BIND | MS_REC, 0) == -1)
                     throw SysError("mounting '%s' on '%s'", src, dst);
-            } else if (fs::is_symlink(st))
+            } else if (std::filesystem::is_symlink(st))
                 createSymlink(readLink(src), dst);
         }
 
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@ void chrootHelper(int argc, char * * argv)
             if (mount(realStoreDir.c_str(), storeDir.c_str(), "", MS_BIND, 0) == -1)
                 throw SysError("mounting '%s' on '%s'", realStoreDir, storeDir);
 
-    writeFile(fs::path{"/proc/self/setgroups"}, "deny");
-    writeFile(fs::path{"/proc/self/uid_map"}, fmt("%d %d %d", uid, uid, 1));
-    writeFile(fs::path{"/proc/self/gid_map"}, fmt("%d %d %d", gid, gid, 1));
+    writeFile(std::filesystem::path{"/proc/self/setgroups"}, "deny");
+    writeFile(std::filesystem::path{"/proc/self/uid_map"}, fmt("%d %d %d", uid, uid, 1));
+    writeFile(std::filesystem::path{"/proc/self/gid_map"}, fmt("%d %d %d", gid, gid, 1));
 
 #ifdef __linux__
     if (system != "")
diff --git a/src/nix/self-exe.cc b/src/nix/self-exe.cc
index 5cc2326be..b5eb1190d 100644
--- a/src/nix/self-exe.cc
+++ b/src/nix/self-exe.cc
@@ -7,32 +7,28 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-namespace fs {
-using namespace std::filesystem;
-}
-
-fs::path getNixBin(std::optional<std::string_view> binaryNameOpt)
+std::filesystem::path getNixBin(std::optional<std::string_view> binaryNameOpt)
 {
     auto getBinaryName = [&] { return binaryNameOpt ? *binaryNameOpt : "nix"; };
 
     // If the environment variable is set, use it unconditionally.
     if (auto envOpt = getEnvNonEmpty("NIX_BIN_DIR"))
-        return fs::path{*envOpt} / std::string{getBinaryName()};
+        return std::filesystem::path{*envOpt} / std::string{getBinaryName()};
 
     // Try OS tricks, if available, to get to the path of this Nix, and
     // see if we can find the right executable next to that.
     if (auto selfOpt = getSelfExe()) {
-        fs::path path{*selfOpt};
+        std::filesystem::path path{*selfOpt};
         if (binaryNameOpt)
             path = path.parent_path() / std::string{*binaryNameOpt};
-        if (fs::exists(path))
+        if (std::filesystem::exists(path))
             return path;
     }
 
     // If `nix` exists at the hardcoded fallback path, use it.
     {
-        auto path = fs::path{NIX_BIN_DIR} / std::string{getBinaryName()};
-        if (fs::exists(path))
+        auto path = std::filesystem::path{NIX_BIN_DIR} / std::string{getBinaryName()};
+        if (std::filesystem::exists(path))
             return path;
     }