Move tests to separate directories, and document

Today, with the tests inside a `tests` intermingled with the
corresponding library's source code, we have a few problems:

- We have to be careful that wildcards don't end up with tests being
  built as part of Nix proper, or test headers being installed as part
  of Nix proper.

- Tests in libraries but not executables is not right:

  - It means each executable runs the previous unit tests again, because
    it needs the libraries.

  - It doesn't work right on Windows, which doesn't want you to load a
    DLL just for the side global variable . It could be made to work
    with the dlopen equivalent, but that's gross!

This reorg solves these problems.

There is a remaining problem which is that sibbling headers (like
`hash.hh` the test header vs `hash.hh` the main `libnixutil` header) end
up shadowing each other. This PR doesn't solve that. That is left as
future work for a future PR.

Co-authored-by: Valentin Gagarin <valentin.gagarin@tweag.io>

tests/unit/libutil-support/tests/characterization.hh

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#pragma once
+///@file
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "types.hh"
+#include "environment-variables.hh"
+
+namespace nix {
+
+/**
+ * The path to the unit test data directory. See the contributing guide
+ * in the manual for further details.
+ */
+static Path getUnitTestData() {
+    return getEnv("_NIX_TEST_UNIT_DATA").value();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether we should update "golden masters" instead of running tests
+ * against them. See the contributing guide in the manual for further
+ * details.
+ */
+static bool testAccept() {
+    return getEnv("_NIX_TEST_ACCEPT") == "1";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mixin class for writing characterization tests
+ */
+class CharacterizationTest : public virtual ::testing::Test
+{
+protected:
+    /**
+     * While the "golden master" for this characterization test is
+     * located. It should not be shared with any other test.
+     */
+    virtual Path goldenMaster(PathView testStem) const = 0;
+
+public:
+    /**
+     * Golden test for reading
+     *
+     * @param test hook that takes the contents of the file and does the
+     * actual work
+     */
+    void readTest(PathView testStem, auto && test)
+    {
+        auto file = goldenMaster(testStem);
+
+        if (testAccept())
+        {
+            GTEST_SKIP()
+                << "Cannot read golden master "
+                << file
+                << "because another test is also updating it";
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            test(readFile(file));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Golden test for writing
+     *
+     * @param test hook that produces contents of the file and does the
+     * actual work
+     */
+    void writeTest(
+        PathView testStem, auto && test, auto && readFile2, auto && writeFile2)
+    {
+        auto file = goldenMaster(testStem);
+
+        auto got = test();
+
+        if (testAccept())
+        {
+            createDirs(dirOf(file));
+            writeFile2(file, got);
+            GTEST_SKIP()
+                << "Updating golden master "
+                << file;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            decltype(got) expected = readFile2(file);
+            ASSERT_EQ(got, expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specialize to `std::string`
+     */
+    void writeTest(PathView testStem, auto && test)
+    {
+        writeTest(
+            testStem, test,
+            [](const Path & f) -> std::string {
+                return readFile(f);
+            },
+            [](const Path & f, const std::string & c) {
+                return writeFile(f, c);
+            });
+    }
+};
+
+}

tests/unit/libutil-support/tests/hash.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include <regex>
+
+#include <rapidcheck.h>
+
+#include "hash.hh"
+
+#include "tests/hash.hh"
+
+namespace rc {
+using namespace nix;
+
+Gen<Hash> Arbitrary<Hash>::arbitrary()
+{
+    Hash hash(htSHA1);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < hash.hashSize; ++i)
+        hash.hash[i] = *gen::arbitrary<uint8_t>();
+    return gen::just(hash);
+}
+
+}

tests/unit/libutil-support/tests/hash.hh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#pragma once
+///@file
+
+#include <rapidcheck/gen/Arbitrary.h>
+
+#include <hash.hh>
+
+namespace rc {
+using namespace nix;
+
+template<>
+struct Arbitrary<Hash> {
+    static Gen<Hash> arbitrary();
+};
+
+}