Fixing #7479

Types converted:

- `NixStringContextElem`
- `OutputsSpec`
- `ExtendedOutputsSpec`
- `DerivationOutput`
- `DerivationType`

Existing ones mostly conforming the pattern cleaned up:

- `ContentAddressMethod`
- `ContentAddressWithReferences`

The `DerivationGoal::derivationType` field had a bogus initialization,
now caught, so I made it `std::optional`. I think #8829 can make it
non-optional again because it will ensure we always have the derivation
when we construct a `DerivationGoal`.

See that issue (#7479) for details on the general goal.

`git grep 'Raw::Raw'` indicates the two types I didn't yet convert
`DerivedPath` and `BuiltPath` (and their `Single` variants) . This is
because @roberth and I (can't find issue right now...) plan on reworking
them somewhat, so I didn't want to churn them more just yet.

Co-authored-by: Eelco Dolstra <edolstra@gmail.com>

src/libstore/path-with-outputs.cc

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ StorePathWithOutputs::ParseResult StorePathWithOutputs::tryFromDerivedPath(const
                             [&](const OutputsSpec::Names & outputs) {
                                 return static_cast<StringSet>(outputs);
                             },
-                        }, bfd.outputs.raw()),
+                        }, bfd.outputs.raw),
                     };
                 },
                 [&](const SingleDerivedPath::Built &) -> StorePathWithOutputs::ParseResult {